COP3// Books Used

 Here is a summery of the books I used to help write the dissertation:

Nasa Art: 50 years of exploration was a great book in terms of idea generation in the early stages of both the written and practical element of the project. Firstly the for the written element it gave me the idea of the hero generation chapter from the way some of the astronauts were depicted in the paintings, secondly for the practical side, it made me more aware of the types of graphic design and creative processes used in the space exploration industry. 

 Miller, D., 1987. "Material Culture and Mass Consumption". Oxford, Basil Blackwell Ltd.
'Claims of relations to land are always made in terms of knowledge of the ancestors who created it; and the recognised rights of a social group are always rights to the representation of a particular ancestor' 

'life cycle ceremonies [marking] authority of the group over the land'

Miller notes how Veblen theorised that due to the lack of historical aristocracy in the US the 'leisure class' must use an 'overt display of wealth and consumption [to form] social hierarchies'  

 Again similar to the NASA Art book, cold war modern informed my of movements and key ideologies, not quoted or used in text, but as a frame of reference for my own understanding of the subject and the notions of style during the cold war.

Beyer, P., 1994. "Religion and Globalization" London, SAGE Publications Ltd.

'the family is the God-orientated institution of the marriage of one man and one woman together for a lifetime with their children. The family is the fundamental building block and basic unit of our society, and its continued health is a prerequisite for a healthy and prosperous nation. No nation has ever been stronger than the families within it. America's families are its strength, and they symbolise the miracle of America' 
'sexual discipline is the basis for moral discipline, which in turn is a prerequisite for national discipline'

 Burgin, V., 1996. "In Different Spaces". California, University of California Press. 

The wagon trains that moved the American descendants of European settlers from the US east to the western frontier allowed '[construction of] a new national identity away from national origins. As one category of displaced subject tumbles on the heels of another' 
 

Schirato, T. and Webb, J., 2003. "Understanding Globalization." London, SAGE Publications Ltd.

Introduces the concept of 'Counter Memory', the practice of 'the obfuscating or erasure of history'.

 Cobley, P. and Jansz, L., 2004. "Introducing Semiotics". Royston, Icon Books Ltd.

Using Levi-Strauss' structural mythemes (Cobley and Jansz, 2004) we could relate the frontier story as a Greek myth in of the birth of America, where she kills her paternal figure during the American revolution and goes on to the slaying of monsters and difficulty of balance represented by the ideological struggles of the American civil war and the cold war.  

 Not referenced in the dissertation but read sections to gain further understanding into the pursuit of post-colonialism in the cold war era by the US and to gain insight into how that reflected on what NASA was doing at the time.

Ekbladh, D. , 2010. "The Great American Mission. Modernization & The Construction of an American World Order". New Jersey, Princeton University Press.

The aim of the US at this time was to secure developing nations under their own political model 'after Mao's 1957 assertion that "the East Wind is prevailing over the West Wind."' following the rise and initial success of communism in China and North Korea whilst South Korea, under American guidance, had stagnated. 

Eisenhowers's 1953 to 1961 government, and those to follow believed that 'the core of the Cold War was psychological, "a struggle to capture symbols ... that express man's aspirations and thereby influence political behaviour,"  

 McLellan, D., 1979. "Marxism After Marx" 4th ed. Basingstoke, Palgrave Macmillan.

he argues that the US military ambition is to maintain the status quo within other nations in areas concerning 'Social order, property relations, stability of contractual predictability, or any other basic conditions required by capital in its everyday life' and that the US achieves this by 'renewed militarism [and] pursuit of war without end and the threat of military intervention anywhere and anytime' 

McCamley, N., 2007. "Cold War Secret Nuclear Bunkers" 4th ed. England, Pen and Sword.

‘This shock embedded in the US psyche a fear of sudden, unprovoked attack that became an overarching national paranoia. Post-war, in the American military mind the Soviet Union became the aggressor’

The US reaction to its fear of the unknown ability of its enemies manifested in massive military expansion, ‘henceforth the whole of America’s scientific, military and industrial complex would be geared towards a cataclysmic east-west nuclear war.’

Again not referenced in text but a great source for general knowledge in regards to semiotics.

 Jones, P., 2012. Reimagining The Enemy. In: Althaus, F. Sutcliffe, M., 2012. "Drawing the Curtain: The Cold War In Cartoons." London, Fontanka Publications.

'[national ideologies had] shifted the competition between capitalism and communism away from the military arena and made culture a key realm of ideological competition"

Crowley, D. ,2008. "Posters of the Cold War." London, V&A Publishing.

'One of Armstrong's first actions as he stepped onto the dusty surface of the moon was to turn on a television camera that beamed pictures of the American triumph back to earth.'

COP3// Online Sources

Here is a summery of the online sources used for the written element of this project:


Aldrin, B., 2009. "40 Years After Apollo 11 Moon Landing, It's Time for a Mission to Mars" Washington Post, 16 July. [online] Available at: <www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/15/AR2009071502940.html>

Bello, F., 1959. "The space business, not counting missiles, already amounts to a billion dollars a year. U.S. industry is at work on rocket engines of awesome power, and on a vehicle to carry a man to the moon—and back". Fortune Magazine for CNN. [online] Available at: <features.blogs.fortune.cnn.com/2012/06/03/the-early-space-age-fortune-1959/?section=magazines_fortune>

Berger, E., 2013. "Buzz Aldrin: Why NASA is ‘wrong,’ why English-speaking nations must lead, and why we need to go to Mars". Buzz Aldrin Enterprises, 23 May. [online] Available at: <buzzaldrin.com/buzz-aldrin-why-nasa-is-wrong-why-english-speaking-nations-must-lead-and-why-we-need-to-go-to-mars/>

Byrnes, M. E., 1994. "Politics and Space: Image Making By NASA". Connecticut, Greenwood Publishing Group. [google books] Available at: <books.google.co.uk/books?id=5g3KcPGBPiEC&pg>

Collins, M., 2007. "Carrying The Fire: An Astronauts Journey". Maryland, Rowman and Littlefield. [google books] Available at: <books.google.co.uk/books?id=-9pfwFpdtGwC&printsec >

Cresswell, M., 2012. "How Buzz Aldrin's communion on the moon was hushed up." The Guardian, 13 Sept. [online] Available at: <www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2012/sep/13/buzz-aldrin-communion-moon>

Dorr, E., 2009. "History of Patches". Genedorr, 12 Sept. [online] Available at: <genedorr.com/patches/History.html>

Ezell, E.C. and Ezell, L.N., 1978. "The Partnership: A History of the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project". NASA History Series. [online] Available at <history.nasa.gov/SP-4209/toc.htm>

French, F. and Burgess, C., 2007. "In the Shadow of The Moon: A Challenging Journey to Tranquility". Nebraska, University of Nebraska Press. [google books] Available at: <books.google.co.uk/books?id=y_16I8NzSjEC&printsec> 

Hitt, D., 2010. "What Was The Saturn V" NASA Education Technology Services, 17 Sept. [online] Available at: <www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/rocketry/home/what-was-the-saturn-v-58.html#.UtUSYrQWm64>

Johnson, L.B. and Welsh, E.C., 1961. "Evaluation of Space Program". NASA Historical Reference Collection, 28 April. [online pdf] Available at: <www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/Apollomon/apollo2.pdf>

Jones, J.M., 2011. "Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton Again Top Most Admired List". Gallup, 27 Dec. [online] Available at: <www.gallup.com/poll/151790/Barack-Obama-Hillary-Clinton-Again-Top-Admired-List.aspx>

Kennedy, J.F., 1962. "Rice Stadium Moon Speech." United States, Rice University. Available at: <http://er.jsc.nasa.gov/seh/ricetalk.htm>

LA Times, 2007. "Charles Lindberg, 86; Marine helped raise first U.S. Flag over Iwo Jima."  26 June. [online] Available at: <articles.latimes.com/2007/jun/26/local/me-lindberg26>

Licholai, G., 1984. "Sagan Relates Nuclear War, Mars". The Heights, Volume LXVI, Number 10, 9 April. [online] Available at: <newspapers.bc.edu/cgi-bin/bostonsh?a=d&d=bcheights19840409.2.8#>

NASA, 2009. "The Apollo Program". NASA.gov, 2 July. [online] Available at: <spaceflight.nasa.gov/history/apollo/>

NASA, 2013. "The Skylab Crewed Missions". NASA.gov, 6 May. [online] Available at: <www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/skylab/missions/skylab_manned.html>

Newport, F., 2009. "This Easter, Smaller Percentage of Americans Are Christian" Gallup, 10 Apr. [online] Available at: <www.gallup.com/poll/117409/easter-smaller-percentage-americans-christian.aspx>

New York Times, 2010. "Biography: Billy Graham (1993)". New York Times. [online] Available at: <www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/180861/Biography-Billy-Graham/overview>

NPS, 2013. "The Liberty Bell". The National Park Service, 24 Dec [online pdf] Available at: <www.nps.gov/inde/planyourvisit/upload/english.pdf>

Peoples, C., 2008. Sputnik and ‘skill thinking’ revisited: technological determinism in American responses to the Soviet missile threat. “Cold War History”. [online] Available at: Taylor & Francis Online <www.tandfonline.com>

Pogue, W., 2007. "Skylab Numbering Fiasco". William Pogue. [online] Available at: <williampogue.com/skylab-numbering-mixup.html>

Platoff, A.M., 1993. " Where No Flag Has Gone Before: Political and Technical Aspects of Placing a Flag on the Moon." Texas, Hernandez Engineering Inc. [online] Available at: <www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/flag/flag.htm>

Pub.L. 83−396, 68 Stat. 249, H.J.Res. 243, 1957. "To amend the pledge of allegiance to the flag of the United States of America". 83rd United States Congress, 14 June. [online] Available at: <en.wikisource.org/wiki/Public_Law_83-396>

Red Channels, 1950. "Red Channels: The Report of Communist Influence in Radio and Television". New York, Counterattack. [online] Available at: <www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/4-cwhomefront/1-mccarthyism/Red_Channels/index.html>

Rushing, J. H., 1991. Frontierism and the Materialization of Psyche: The Rhetoric of Innerspace. "Southern Communication Journal". p.243. [online] Available at: Taylor & Francis Online <www.tandfonline.com>

Sietzen, F. 1997. "Soviets Planned to Accept JFK's Joint Lunar Mission Offer" SpaceCast News Service, 2 Oct. [online] Available at: <www.spacedaily.com/news/russia-97h.html>

US Treasury, 2012. "History of 'In God We Trust'". U.S. Department of The Treasury, 8 Mar. [online] Available at: <www.treasury.gov/about/education/Pages/in-god-we-trust.aspx>

Wall Street Journal, 2012. "President Obama’s Statement on Neil Armstrong’s Death". Wall Street Journal, 25 Aug. [online] Available at: <blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2012/08/25/president-obamas-statement-on-neil-armstrongs-death/>

What I especcialy enjoyed about the online sources was the use of google books. I could bring us so much information through this service from respected academics rather than just some guys blog. One such example is this 'Politics and Space'. Which had a great chapter of the use of mythological names in mission designation. This went a long way towards the successful writing of my final chapter. 

COP3// Etching the DSI Copper Plate

Etching the DSI Copper plate was a long process. Here are a few images of its development. The blue sheet is a photographic copy of my design which will block the acid, so only the copper showing will burn away. The aim here was to ink the design after the etching process was finished however it would have taken a week to dry which is far too close to the deadline. I am happy with the final result, which will be documented later. For now I'm wondering of it would have been better to have kept the blue sheet on. Its looks fairly space age, but doesn't follow the visual identity rules.

Use of black paint to make sure these boarder areas are not burned away by the acid.

COP3// DSI Plaque Design

This is the illustration that I will get engraved at a later date. The plan here is to use this design on a copper plate mirroring the usage of plaques in space in the past. The text segment I have borrowed from the Apollo 11 lunar modules plaque which is shown below. The aim of the plaque would be for DSI to leave it on the surface of an asteroid by drilling it into the surface. Photographs of this would serve a a piece of promotional material for the organisation. The design reflects on the mission perimeters of the Firefly mission, taking the illustration from the mission insignia and placing it out in space near the planet Earth and the Moon, searching for suitable asteroids. The logo sits at the top of the design and is hierarchically the most important element of the design. In the centre is a sentimental piece of text reflecting on the organisations achievement and its importance for human development. 

COP3// Working Plan

This is typed from notes made as a working plan. Updated as I progressed through the written element. I have typed this up here because the notes made are pretty freehand and wont make much sense otherwise. The aim of this post to to document my changing though process and ideas as the project progresses. The first line is the earliest and last the latest in development. 

How did the graphic design output of the respective space programs run by the US and the USSR reflect of their national aims and philosophies during the cols war era space race?

US:
-Tried to colonise space.
-Aimed for human achievement.
-Used Cultural capital to portray image of being the masters of space. Both internally and externally.
-Act of neo-colonialsim
-NASA being publicly funded caused it to surprisingly socialist imagery.

USSR
-Space was a social experiment.
-Aimed for scientific achievement.
-Used propaganda machine to spread image of space superiority to the soviet union alone.
-How does this actually link to policy.
-At same time much like in the US cosmonauts were becoming heros - counter to Marxist ideology of equality.

------------------------------------------ New Idea.

USA
- Globalisation and empire.- Link to voyager 2 note written by Carter- "We are not yet one state"
-Globalisation of American culture through neo-colonialism. UG P33
-Ownership of space through occupation.- Landed and man and flag on the moon.
-Conflict of enlightenment, democracy and human rights. Against the grid of power "resistance is futile" against superior technology.
-Cultural capital through astonishment of achievements. "Better than God". UG P49
-Concept of NASA is against capitalist ideologies.
-The use of nationalist representations./ notions of identity and nationhood.
-To have space is to be free/ frontierism.

USSR
-Post Stalin communism/ Marxism era Russian political map.
-Nationalism of soviet culture/ achievement inwardly portrayed to soviet union and eastern bloc.

-Aimed to engage peacefully on homefront.
-Worked towards scientific understanding.
-Tryed to always get there first. Abandonment of safety.
-Claimed ownership with man or machine.
-Had a conflict of equality and elitism, astronauts became heroes.
-Released propaganda for inclusion and internal state cooperation.
-No longer the vanguard of the proletariat but of the "whole people".
-Soviet utopia's propagated over western strength.
-Concept of soviet space program is in line with their ideologies.
-Also look at use of nationalist representation BPC P73.

--------------------------------------------New Idea

USA Hero Astronauts
-Heroes above the normal people. 
-Anyone can be this if you are special enough.
-Achiveable with: Money, Training, Education, Hard Work.
-Have to be self driven and achiemve it for yourself.
-Have to be better than the rest.
-Post-colonist 'celebration of the elite.

USSR Hero Cosmonauts
-Heroes of the people.
-Anyone can be this if they are a good soviet.
-Achievable with: Hard work, Training, Following rules, aspiration to serve the state.
-An example of the rest.
-Nationalist celebration of an ideal soviet.
-Reality: Astronauts spoke out against safety, could do it because of status.

-------------------------------------------New Idea

Problems:
Question straddles too many concepts:
-Colonisalism
-Postcolonialsim
-Neocolonialism
-Semiotics
-Phycoanalysis
-Internal policies
-International policies
-Post Stalin communism.

-----------------------------------------New Idea

Chapter Plan:

1. Historical Chapter on space race. 750 words maximum.
2. Film poster analysis about visual identity/ ideologies + notions of nationhood. 1,800 words.
3. Hero analysis of spacemen. 1,800 words.
4. Badges - Content vs Image analysis. Do both. 1,800 words
5. Conclusion. 750 words.

-----------------------------------------New Idea

Essay must be completed by christmas.
-2 Weeks today.
-Meeting on 8th Jan. 1hr Tutorial.
-Chapter 2 + 3 by Christmas at least.
-Leave the intro till the end.
-Work out how to include sources.
-Make sure to link references back to title.
-Highlight key actions and events.
-Documentary film poster linked to essay chapter. New idea for practical on top of DSI work.

-------------------------------------New Idea

-Cut out the USSR from work.
-Focus essay on US perspective.

New Essay Plan:
1-Intro

2-Historical Chapter of Space Race.

3-Representations of Nationhood/ Identity/ Ideology in broader US (John Wayne as Idealised American)

4-The Hero Generation. (Buzz Aldrin and the space frontiersman)

5-Content analysis of Apollo mission insignia. (and Gemini)

Link Iwo Jima flag raising to the Raising of flag on the moon.

Pearl Harbour lead to fear of the unknown. Just like Sputnik, and Sci Fi.

-------------------------------------New Idea

Notions of American Identity:
1. Warlike
2. Frontier Myth
3. Sales Culture. Mass Consumption.
4. Fear of the Unknown.
5. Christian Values.

"How Did the Graphic Design Output of the US Space Program Reflect on National Ideologies During the Cold War era Space Race from 1955 too 1975."

1. Warlike.
-Disguised motos: "our profession is peace".
-Military industrial complex
-The Eagle as a power symbol. Also a national symbol.
-GI Joe- Stands for Galvanised Iron.
-Children toy as personification of national identities.
-Green Berets film. Direct assault on the Vietnam peace protests. Fights communism/ values. Funded by government.

2. Frontier Mythology.
-Open spaces symbolic of freedom.
-Explored concept of American ideologies.
-How the West Was Won film. Features stereotypical Anglo-Saxon cast. John Wayne.
-Romanises History.
-Vigilante justice.
-Self Reliance.
-Biblical connotations.
-Manifest Destiny.
-American civil war.
-Rail-road= capitalism in microcosm.
-Search for American dream.
-Highlights the actions of good Americans, those who overcame hardship to find fortune personally and pave way to modern America/ modernity.

3. Sales Culture and Mass consumption.
-Use of western cowboy in advertisements for cars/ cigarettes. To sell items as being distinctively 'American' the definitive American image.
-Playing on peoples desires to achieve social status through consumerism. 
-Look at plymouth car ads.
-Progress onto Marlboro man imagery.
-Evaluate with the rhetoric of image theory.

4. Fear of the Unknown.
-Nuclear War.
-Caused by Pearl Harbour. Surprise attack on American notion of superiority.
-Reds under the bed McCarthyism.
-Space master X-7 film. Blood rust virus symbolic of communism.
-Sci-Fi representing a fear of the unknown.
-Sputnik, reincarnation of pearl Harbour through soviet technology, spread panic is similar way. 

5. Religious Values.
-AKA American family values. Idealised American people.
-The nuclear family as a model.
-Inclusion of 'In God We Trust' to dollar bill.
-Inclusion of 'One nation under God' to pledge of allegiance.
-Billy Graham popularity as example of the mixture of public, politics and religion.

General Americanisms
-Anyone can make it- the American Dream.
-Unlimited Economic Growth.
-Capitalism.
-Consumerist culture.
-Freedom of Expression.
-White Anglo-Saxon Protestant as the Elite class.

-------------------------------------------New Idea

Hero Generation Part 2
-Comparison of John Wayne and Buzz Aldrin/ Neil Armstrong.
-Both were represented as pioneers on a 'frontier'. Dusty desert vs Dusty Moon.
-Iwo Jima- Moon Flag.
-Link the exploration of the western frontier to the exploration of space causing the portrayal of space exploration as an American endeavour. 

Neil Armstong History.
-Link to points made of the idealised american.
-Military history in Airforce/ Korean war.
-Test pilot.
-Mixed Anglo-Saxon heritage.
-Christian

Buzz Aldrin.
-Military pilot in Korean war.
-Mixed Angle Saxon heritage.
-Christian

Plan for hero chapter:
-What is a Hero?
-Who were they at NASA? History of Aldrin and Armstrong. Image of ground control from NASA Art.
-Planting the flag/ Iwo Jima analogy.
-Space. The Final Frontier. Space Heroes in popular culture. Captain Kirk as archetypal American man.
-Star Trek analogy. Team of different people bought together through American values. Lead by an American.
-Space portrayed as an American pursuit through flag planting and media machine.
-Conclusion of chapter.

---------------------------------------New Idea

Plan for Insignia chapter.
-Overall analysis of patches and common themes.
-Link to mythology and nationalism.
-Romanisation of space exploration
-Analysis of Gemini 5 patch, link to frontier.
-Analysis of Apollo 11 patch, link to American might.

Notes.
Mercury. The sttelers and planners of space/ the American frontier.
- Gemini. The pioneers of space/ the American frontier.
- Apollo. Independence and show of American Exceptionalism.

Comment on link between Greek mythology and the mythology of the pioneers and how this relates to the mythology and hero generation of astronauts as pioneers of space.